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Population Growth and Economic Development - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Population Growth and Economic Development - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Addresses relevant questions like: Will population growth reduce the growth rate of per capita income because it reduces the per capita availability of exhaustible resources?; how about for renewable resources; will population growth aggravate degradation of the natural environment?; and does more rapid growth reduce worker output and consumption?

DKK 292.00
1

Value in Health Care - Leighanne Olsen - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Value in Health Care - Leighanne Olsen - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The United States has the highest per capita spending on health care of any industrialized nation. Yet despite the unprecedented levels of spending, harmful medical errors abound, uncoordinated care continues to frustrate patients and providers, and U.S. healthcare costs continue to increase. The growing ranks of the uninsured, an aging population with a higher prevalence of chronic diseases, and many patients with multiple conditions together constitute more complicating factors in the trend to higher costs of care. A variety of strategies are beginning to be employed throughout the health system to address the central issue of value, with the goal of improving the net ratio of benefits obtained per dollar spent on health care. However, despite the obvious need, no single agreed-upon measure of value or comprehensive, coordinated systemwide approach to assess and improve the value of health care exists. Without this definition and approach, the path to achieving greater value will be characterized by encumbrance rather than progress. To address the issues central to defining, measuring, and improving value in health care, the Institute of Medicine convened a workshop to assemble prominent authorities on healthcare value and leaders of the patient, payer, provider, employer, manufacturer, government, health policy, economics, technology assessment, informatics, health services research, and health professions communities. The workshop, summarized in this volume, facilitated a discussion of stakeholder perspectives on measuring and improving value in health care, identifying the key barriers and outlining the opportunities for next steps.

DKK 370.00
1

Global Navigation Satellite Systems - National Academy Of Engineering - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Global Navigation Satellite Systems - National Academy Of Engineering - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The Global Positioning System (GPS) has revolutionized the measurement of position, velocity, and time. It has rapidly evolved into a worldwide utility with more than a billion receiver sets currently in use that provide enormous benefits to humanity: improved safety of life, increased productivity, and wide-spread convenience. Global Navigation Satellite Systems summarizes the joint workshop on Global Navigation Satellite Systems held jointly by the U.S. National Academy of Engineering and the Chinese Academy of Engineering on May 24-25, 2011 at Hongqiao Guest Hotel in Shanghai, China. "We have one world, and only one set of global resources. It is important to work together on satellite navigation. Competing and cooperation is like Yin and Yang. They need to be balanced," stated Dr. Charles M. Vest, President of the National Academy of Engineering, in the workshop's opening remarks. Global Navigation Satellite Systems covers the objectives of the workshop, which explore issues of enhanced interoperability and interchangeability for all civil users aimed to consider collaborative efforts for countering the global threat of inadvertent or illegal interference to GNSS signals, promotes new applications for GNSS, emphasizing productivity, safety, and environmental protection. The workshop featured presentations chosen based on the following criteria: they must have relevant engineering/technical content or usefulness; be of mutual interest; offer the opportunity for enhancing GNSS availability, accuracy, integrity, and/or continuity; and offer the possibility of recommendations for further actions and discussions. Global Navigation Satellite Systems is an essential report for engineers, workshop attendees, policy makers, educators, and relevant government agencies. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary of the Workshop--As Reported by Grace Xingxin GaoAddress at the Opening Ceremony of the NAE-CAE Joint Workshop on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)--Zhou JiIntroductory Remarks--Charles M. VestWORKSHOP PRESENTATIONSDevelopment of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System--Ran ChengqiU.S. GPS Policy, Programs, and International Cooperation Activities--David A. TurnerResearch Report on GNSS Interoperability--Lu Xiaochun, Lu Jun, Bai Yan, Han Tao, and Wang XueThe Interchangeability Problem: Signals, Coordinate Frames, and Time--Rita M. Lollock, Thomas D. Powell, and Thomas A. StansellCOMPASS/BeiDou Coordinate and Time Reference Systems--Yang Yuanxi, Tang Jing, and Han ChunhaoA Global Safety of Life Service from Multiple GNSS Constellations--Per EngeMonitoring and Assessment of GNSS Open Services--Jiao Wenhai, Ding Qun, Li Jian-wen, Lu Xiaochun, and Feng LaipingAlternative Position, Navigation, and Timing: The Need for Robust Radionavigation--Mitchell J. Narins, Leo V. Eldredge, Per Enge, Sherman C. Lo, Michael J. Harrison, and Randy KenagyAnalysis of the GNSS Augmentation Technology Architecture--Chen JinpingImpact of Intentional, Low Power, In-Band, Personal Privacy Devices (PPDs) on Aviation--A.J. Van DierendonckGNSS Open Signals Interference Issues and Countermeasures--Du Xiaodong, Wang Feixue, and Nie JunweiPresent and Future Applications of COMPASS Navigation Satellite System--Tan ShusenApplication of GNSS to Environmental Studies--Penina AxelradRecent Progress on GNSS Seismology--Liu Jingnan, Fang Rongxin, and Shi ChuangPrecision Agriculture: Opportunities and Challenges--Michael O'ConnorIntegrity Lessons from the WAAS Integrity Performance Panel--Todd Walter, Per Enge, and Bruce DeCleeneBreaking the Ice: Navigation in the Arctic--Grace Xingxin Gao, Liang Heng, Todd Walter, and Per EngeAPPENDIXESWorkshop attendees [photo]Appendix A: Workshop AgendaAppendix B: Workshop Summary RecordAppendix C: Biographical InformationAppendix D: Acronyms

DKK 396.00
1

Technologies and Approaches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies

Technologies and Approaches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies

Technologies and Approaches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles evaluates various technologies and methods that could improve the fuel economy of medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, such as tractor-trailers, transit buses, and work trucks. The book also recommends approaches that federal agencies could use to regulate these vehicles' fuel consumption. Currently there are no fuel consumption standards for such vehicles, which account for about 26 percent of the transportation fuel used in the U.S. The miles-per-gallon measure used to regulate the fuel economy of passenger cars. is not appropriate for medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, which are designed above all to carry loads efficiently. Instead, any regulation of medium- and heavy-duty vehicles should use a metric that reflects the efficiency with which a vehicle moves goods or passengers, such as gallons per ton-mile, a unit that reflects the amount of fuel a vehicle would use to carry a ton of goods one mile. This is called load-specific fuel consumption (LSFC). The book estimates the improvements that various technologies could achieve over the next decade in seven vehicle types. For example, using advanced diesel engines in tractor-trailers could lower their fuel consumption by up to 20 percent by 2020, and improved aerodynamics could yield an 11 percent reduction. Hybrid powertrains could lower the fuel consumption of vehicles that stop frequently, such as garbage trucks and transit buses, by as much 35 percent in the same time frame.

DKK 416.00
1

Long-Term Health Consequences of Exposure to Burn Pits in Iraq and Afghanistan - Board On The Health Of Select Populations - Bog - National Academies

Long-Term Health Consequences of Exposure to Burn Pits in Iraq and Afghanistan - Board On The Health Of Select Populations - Bog - National Academies

Many veterans returning from the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan have health problems they believe are related to their exposure to the smoke from the burning of waste in open-air "burn pits" on military bases. Particular controversy surrounds the burn pit used to dispose of solid waste at Joint Base Balad in Iraq, which burned up to 200 tons of waste per day in 2007. The Department of Veterans Affairs asked the IOM to form a committee to determine the long-term health effects from exposure to these burn pits. Insufficient evidence prevented the IOM committee from developing firm conclusions. This report, therefore, recommends that, along with more efficient data-gathering methods, a study be conducted that would evaluate the health status of service members from their time of deployment over many years to determine their incidence of chronic diseases.

DKK 292.00
1

Assessment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Assessment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Various combinations of commercially available technologies could greatly reduce fuel consumption in passenger cars, sport-utility vehicles, minivans, and other light-duty vehicles without compromising vehicle performance or safety. Assessment of Technologies for Improving Light Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy estimates the potential fuel savings and costs to consumers of available technology combinations for three types of engines: spark-ignition gasoline, compression-ignition diesel, and hybrid. According to its estimates, adopting the full combination of improved technologies in medium and large cars and pickup trucks with spark-ignition engines could reduce fuel consumption by 29 percent at an additional cost of $2,200 to the consumer. Replacing spark-ignition engines with diesel engines and components would yield fuel savings of about 37 percent at an added cost of approximately $5,900 per vehicle, and replacing spark-ignition engines with hybrid engines and components would reduce fuel consumption by 43 percent at an increase of $6,000 per vehicle. The book focuses on fuel consumption—the amount of fuel consumed in a given driving distance—because energy savings are directly related to the amount of fuel used. In contrast, fuel economy measures how far a vehicle will travel with a gallon of fuel. Because fuel consumption data indicate money saved on fuel purchases and reductions in carbon dioxide emissions, the book finds that vehicle stickers should provide consumers with fuel consumption data in addition to fuel economy information. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Fundamentals of Fuel Consumption3 Cost Estimation4 Spark-Ignition Gasoline Engines5 Compression-Ignition Diesel Engines6 Hybrid Power Trains7 Non-Engine Technologies8 Modeling Improvements in Vehicle Fuel Consumption9 Application of Vehicle Technologies to Vehicle ClassesAppendixesAppendix A: Committee BiographiesAppendix B: Statement of TaskAppendix C: List of Presentations at Public Committee MeetingsAppendix D: Select AcronymsAppendix E: Comparison of Fuel Consumption and Fuel EconomyAppendix F: Review of Estimate of Retail Price Equivalent Markup FactorsAppendix G: Compression-Ignition Engine Replacement for Full-Size Pickup/SUVAppendix H:Other NRC Assessments of Benefits, Costs, and Readiness of Fuel Economy TechnologiesAppendix I: Results of Other Major StudiesAppendix J: Probabilities in Estimation of Fuel Consumption Benefits and CostsAppendix K: Model Description and Results for the EEA-ICF Model

DKK 370.00
1

Aquifer Storage and Recovery in the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan - Board On Environmental Studies And Toxicology - Bog - National

Aquifer Storage and Recovery in the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan - Board On Environmental Studies And Toxicology - Bog - National

Aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) is a process by which water is recharged through wells to an aquifer and extracted for beneficial use at some later time from the same wells. ASR is proposed as a major water storage component in the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP), developed jointly by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and the South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD). The plan would use the Upper Floridan aquifer (UFA) to store as much as 1.7 billion gallons per day (gpd) (6.3 million m3/day) of excess surface water and shallow groundwater during wet periods for recovery during seasonal or longer-term dry periods, using about 333 wells. ASR represents about one-fifth of the total estimated cost of the CERP. Aquifer Storage and Recovery in the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan examines pilot project from the perspective of adaptive assessment, i.e., the extent to which the pilot projects will contribute to process understanding that can improve design and implementation of restoration project components. This report is a critique of the pilot projects and related studies.

DKK 305.00
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Modeling Mobile-Source Emissions - Board On Environmental Studies And Toxicology - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Modeling Mobile-Source Emissions - Board On Environmental Studies And Toxicology - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The Mobile Source Emissions Factor (MOBILE) model is a computer model developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for estimating emissions from on-road motor vehicles. MOBILE is used in air-quality planning and regulation for estimating emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) and for predicting the effects of emissions-reduction programs.1 Because of its important role in air-quality management, the accuracy of MOBILE is critical. Possible consequences of inaccurately characterizing motor-vehicle emissions include the implementation of insufficient controls that endanger the environment and public health or the implementation of ineffective policies that impose excessive control costs. Billions of dollars per year in transportation funding are linked to air-quality attainment plans, which rely on estimates of mobile-source emissions. Transportation infrastructure decisions are also affected by emissions estimates from MOBILE. In response to a request from Congress, the National Research Council established the Committee to Review EPA's Mobile Source Emissions Factor (MOBILE) Model in October 1998. The committee was charged to evaluate MOBILE and to develop recommendations for improving the model.

DKK 448.00
1

Limiting the Magnitude of Future Climate Change - Board On Atmospheric Sciences And Climate - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Limiting the Magnitude of Future Climate Change - Board On Atmospheric Sciences And Climate - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Climate change, driven by the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, poses serious, wide-ranging threats to human societies and natural ecosystems around the world. The largest overall source of greenhouse gas emissions is the burning of fossil fuels. The global atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, the dominant greenhouse gas of concern, is increasing by roughly two parts per million per year, and the United States is currently the second-largest contributor to global emissions behind China. Limiting the Magnitude of Future Climate Change, part of the congressionally requested America's Climate Choices suite of studies, focuses on the role of the United States in the global effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The book concludes that in order to ensure that all levels of government, the private sector, and millions of households and individuals are contributing to shared national goals, the United States should establish a "budget" that sets a limit on total domestic greenhouse emissions from 2010-2050. Meeting such a budget would require a major departure from business as usual in the way the nation produces and uses energy-and that the nation act now to aggressively deploy all available energy efficiencies and less carbon-intensive technologies and to develop new ones. With no financial incentives or regulatory pressure, the nation will continue to rely upon and "lock in" carbon-intensive technologies and systems unless a carbon pricing system is established-either cap-and-trade, a system of taxing emissions, or a combination of the two. Complementary policies are also needed to accelerate progress in key areas: developing more efficient, less carbon-intense energy sources in electricity and transportation; advancing full-scale development of new-generation nuclear power, carbon capture, and storage systems; and amending emissions-intensive energy infrastructure. Research and development of new technologies that could help reduce emissions more cost effectively than current options is also strongly recommended. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Goals for Limiting Future Climate Change3 Opportunities for Limiting Future Climate Change4 Crafting a Portfolio of Climate Change Limiting Policies5 Fostering Technological Innovations6 Interaction with Other Major Policy Concerns7 Multilevel Response Strategies8 Policy Durability and AdaptabilityReferencesAppendix A: America's Climate Choices: Membership ListsAppendix B: Panel on Limiting the Magnitude of Future Climate Change: Statement of TaskAppendix C: Panel on Limiting the Magnitude of Future Climate Change: Biographical SketchesAppendix D: Acronyms, Energy Units, and Chemical Formulas

DKK 318.00
1

Investing in Interventions That Address Non-Medical, Health-Related Social Needs - Health And Medicine Division - Bog - National Academies Press -

Investing in Interventions That Address Non-Medical, Health-Related Social Needs - Health And Medicine Division - Bog - National Academies Press -

With U.S. health care costs projected to grow at an average rate of 5.5 percent per year from 2018 to 2027, or 0.8 percentage points faster than the gross domestic product, and reach nearly $6.0 trillion per year by 2027, policy makers and a wide range of stakeholders are searching for plausible actions the nation can take to slow this rise and keep health expenditures from consuming an ever greater portion of U.S. economic output. While health care services are essential to heath, there is growing recognition that social determinants of health are important influences on population health. Supporting this idea are estimates that while health care accounts for some 10 to 20 percent of the determinants of health, socioeconomic factors and factors related to the physical environment are estimated to account for up to 50 percent of the determinants of health. Challenges related to the social determinants of health at the individual level include housing insecurity and poor housing quality, food insecurity, limitations in access to transportation, and lack of social support. These social needs affect access to care and health care utilization as well as health outcomes. Health care systems have begun exploring ways to address non-medical, health-related social needs as a way to reduce health care costs. To explore the potential effect of addressing non-medical health-related social needs on improving population health and reducing health care spending in a value-driven health care delivery system, the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine held a full-day public workshop titled Investing in Interventions that Address Non-Medical, Health-Related Social Needs on April 26, 2019, in Washington, DC. The objectives of the workshop were to explore effective practices and the supporting evidence base for addressing the non-medical health-related social needs of individuals, such as housing and food insecurities; review assessments of return on investment (ROI) for payers, healthy systems, and communities; and identify gaps and opportunities for research and steps that could help to further the understanding of the ROI on addressing non-medical health-related social needs. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction2 Setting the Stage3 Housing Interventions4 Interventions Addressing Food Insecurity5 Interventions Addressing Multiple Social Needs6 Return on Investment7 Research Gaps8 Reflections on the DayReferencesAppendix A: Statement of TaskAppendix B: Workshop AgendaAppendix C: Speaker Biographical Sketches

DKK 318.00
1

A National Strategy to Reduce Food Waste at the Consumer Level - Health And Medicine Division - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

A National Strategy to Reduce Food Waste at the Consumer Level - Health And Medicine Division - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Approximately 30 percent of the edible food produced in the United States is wasted and a significant portion of this waste occurs at the consumer level. Despite food's essential role as a source of nutrients and energy and its emotional and cultural importance, U.S. consumers waste an estimated average of 1 pound of food per person per day at home and in places where they buy and consume food away from home. Many factors contribute to this waste—consumers behaviors are shaped not only by individual and interpersonal factors but also by influences within the food system, such as policies, food marketing and the media. Some food waste is unavoidable, and there is substantial variation in how food waste and its impacts are defined and measured. But there is no doubt that the consequences of food waste are severe: the wasting of food is costly to consumers, depletes natural resources, and degrades the environment. In addition, at a time when the COVID-19 pandemic has severely strained the U.S. economy and sharply increased food insecurity, it is predicted that food waste will worsen in the short term because of both supply chain disruptions and the closures of food businesses that affect the way people eat and the types of food they can afford. A National Strategy to Reduce Food Waste at the Consumer Level identifies strategies for changing consumer behavior, considering interactions and feedbacks within the food system. It explores the reasons food is wasted in the United States, including the characteristics of the complex systems through which food is produced, marketed, and sold, as well as the many other interconnected influences on consumers' conscious and unconscious choices about purchasing, preparing, consuming, storing, and discarding food. This report presents a strategy for addressing the challenge of reducing food waste at the consumer level from a holistic, systems perspective. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Understanding Food Waste, Consumers, and the U.S. Food Environment3 Drivers of Food Waste at the Consumer Level and Implications for Intervention Design4 Interventions to Reduce Food Waste at the Consumer Level5 Strategy for Reducing Food Waste at the Consumer Level6 A Research Agenda for Improving Interventions to Reduce Food Waste and Their ImplementationAppendix A: Public Session AgendasAppendix B: Literature Search ApproachAppendix C: Additional Information on Food WasteAppendix D: Interventions to Reduce Food Waste at the Consumer Level: Examples from the LiteratureAppendix E: Research on Behavioral Change from Other DomainsAppendix F: Committee Member Biographical SketchesAppendix G: Glossary

DKK 422.00
1

The Healthcare Imperative - Leighanne Olsen - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The Healthcare Imperative - Leighanne Olsen - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The United States has the highest per capita spending on health care of any industrialized nation but continually lags behind other nations in health care outcomes including life expectancy and infant mortality. National health expenditures are projected to exceed $2.5 trillion in 2009. Given healthcare's direct impact on the economy, there is a critical need to control health care spending. According to The Health Imperative: Lowering Costs and Improving Outcomes, the costs of health care have strained the federal budget, and negatively affected state governments, the private sector and individuals. Healthcare expenditures have restricted the ability of state and local governments to fund other priorities and have contributed to slowing growth in wages and jobs in the private sector. Moreover, the number of uninsured has risen from 45.7 million in 2007 to 46.3 million in 2008. The Health Imperative: Lowering Costs and Improving Outcomes identifies a number of factors driving expenditure growth including scientific uncertainty, perverse economic and practice incentives, system fragmentation, lack of patient involvement, and under-investment in population health. Experts discussed key levers for catalyzing transformation of the delivery system. A few included streamlined health insurance regulation, administrative simplification and clarification and quality and consistency in treatment. The book is an excellent guide for policymakers at all levels of government, as well as private sector healthcare workers.

DKK 708.00
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Approaches to Understanding the Cumulative Effects of Stressors on Marine Mammals - Ocean Studies Board - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Approaches to Understanding the Cumulative Effects of Stressors on Marine Mammals - Ocean Studies Board - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Marine mammals face a large array of stressors, including loss of habitat, chemical and noise pollution, and bycatch in fishing, which alone kills hundreds of thousands of marine mammals per year globally. To discern the factors contributing to population trends, scientists must consider the full complement of threats faced by marine mammals. Once populations or ecosystems are found to be at risk of adverse impacts, it is critical to decide which combination of stressors to reduce to bring the population or ecosystem into a more favorable state. Assessing all stressors facing a marine mammal population also provides the environmental context for evaluating whether an additional activity could threaten it. Approaches to Understanding the Cumulative Effects of Stressors on Marine Mammals builds upon previous reports to assess current methodologies used for evaluating cumulative effects and identify new approaches that could improve these assessments. This review focuses on ways to quantify exposure-related changes in the behavior, health, or body condition of individual marine mammals and makes recommendations for future research initiatives. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Estimating Exposure and Effects of Sound on Wildlife3 Current Understanding of Stressors4 Assessing Interactions Among Stressors5 Modeling the Population Consequences of Exposure to Multiple Stressors6 Interactions Among Stressors and Challenges to Understanding Their Cumulative Effects7 Early Warning Signs of Risk to Populations8 Approaches to Assess Cumulative ImpactsReferencesAppendix A: Workshop AgendaAppendix B: Relevant Laws and RegulationsAppendix C: Committee and Staff BiographiesAppendix D: Glossary

DKK 396.00
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Optimizing U.S. Air Force and Department of Defense Review of Air Force Acquisition Programs - Air Force Studies Board - Bog - National Academies

Optimizing U.S. Air Force and Department of Defense Review of Air Force Acquisition Programs - Air Force Studies Board - Bog - National Academies

The Department of Defense (DOD) spends over $300 billion each year to develop, produce, field and sustain weapons systems (the U.S. Air Force over $100 billion per year). DOD and Air Force acquisitions programs often experience large cost overruns and schedule delays leading to a loss in confidence in the defense acquisition system and the people who work in it. Part of the DOD and Air Force response to these problems has been to increase the number of program and technical reviews that acquisition programs must undergo. This book looks specifically at the reviews that U.S. Air Force acquisition programs are required to undergo and poses a key question: Can changes in the number, content, or sequence of reviews help Air Force program managers more successfully execute their programs?This book concludes that, unless they do it better than they are now, Air Force and DOD attempts to address poor acquisition program performance with additional reviews will fail. This book makes five recommendations that together form a gold standard for conduct of reviews and if implemented and rigorously managed by Air Force and DOD acquisition executives can increase review effectiveness and efficiency. The bottom line is to help program managers successfully execute their programs. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Findings and Conclusions3 RecommendationsAppendixesAppendix A: Biographical Sketches of Committee MembersAppendix B: Meetings and SpeakersAppendix C: Related StudiesAppendix D: SurveyAppendix E: Types of Reviews

DKK 286.00
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Data and Research to Improve the U.S. Food Availability System and Estimates of Food Loss - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press

Data and Research to Improve the U.S. Food Availability System and Estimates of Food Loss - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press

The United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA's) Economic Research Service's (ERS) Food Availability Data System includes three distinct but related data series on food and nutrient availability for consumption. The data serve as popular proxies for actual consumption at the national level for over 200 commodities (e.g., fresh spinach, beef, and eggs). The core Food Availability (FA) data series provides data on the amount of food available, per capita, for human consumption in the United States with data back to 1909 for many commodities. The Loss-Adjusted Food Availability (LAFA) data series is derived from the FA data series by adjusting for food spoilage, plate waste, and other losses to more closely approximate 4 actual intake. The LAFA data provide daily estimates of the per capita availability amounts adjusted for loss (e.g., in pounds, ounces, grams, and gallons as appropriate), calories, and food pattern equivalents (i.e., "servings") of the five major food groups (fruit, vegetables, grains, meat, and dairy) available for consumption plus the amounts of added sugars and sweeteners and added fats and oils available for consumption. This fiscal year, as part of its initiative to systematically review all of its major data series, ERS decided to review the FADS data system. One of the goals of this review is to advance the knowledge and understanding of the measurement and technical aspects of the data supporting FADS so the data can be maintained and improved. Data and Research to Improve the U.S. Food Availability System and Estimates of Food Loss is the summary of a workshop convened by the Committee on National Statistics of the National Research Council and the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine to advance knowledge and understanding of the measurement and technical aspects of the data supporting the LAFA data series so that these data series and subsequent food availability and food loss estimates can be maintained and improved. The workshop considered such issues as the effects of termination of selected Census Bureau and USDA data series on estimates for affected food groups and commodities; the potential for using other data sources, such as scanner data, to improve estimates of food availability; and possible ways to improve the data on food loss at the farm and retail levels and at restaurants. This report considers knowledge gaps, data sources that may be available or could be generated to fill gaps, what can be learned from other countries and international organizations, ways to ensure consistency of treatment of commodities across series, and the most promising opportunities for new data for the various food availability series. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction and Background2 The Food Availability System and Food Loss Estimates: Current Methods, Data, and Uses3 Historical and Current Uses of the Data for Economic Modeling and Reporting of Statistical Trends4 Alternative Approaches for Estimating Food Availability: International and Domestic5 Alternative Approaches for Estimating Food Loss: International and Domestic6 Wrap-UpBibliographyAppendix A: Glossary and AcronymsAppendix B: AgendaAppendix C: Workshop ParticipantsAppendix D: Biographical Sketches of Speakers and Steering Committee MembersCommittee on National StatisticsFood and Nutrition Board

DKK 312.00
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Leveraging Advances in Modern Science to Revitalize Low-Dose Radiation Research in the United States - Nuclear And Radiation Studies Board - Bog -

Leveraging Advances in Modern Science to Revitalize Low-Dose Radiation Research in the United States - Nuclear And Radiation Studies Board - Bog -

Radiation exposure at low doses (below 100 milligray) or low-dose rates (less than 5 milligray per hour) occurs in a wide range of medical, industrial, military, and commercial settings. The effects of exposure at these levels are not fully understood, but there are long-standing concerns that such exposure could negatively affect human health. Although cancer has been linked to low-dose radiation exposure for decades, there is increasing evidence that low-dose radiation exposure may also be associated with cardiovascular disease, neurological disorders, immune dysfunction, and cataracts. Recent advances in research, new tools, and a coordinated multidisciplinary research program could help fill knowledge gaps about the health impacts of low-dose radiation exposures. This report calls for the development of a U.S. research program to study how low doses of radiation affect cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurological disorders, and other disease risks. Research should also better define the impacts of radiation doses, dose rates, types of radiation, and exposure duration. The report estimates $100 million annually for the next 15 years would be required to conduct epidemiological and biological research, and to establish an infrastructure for research. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Low-Dose Radiation Exposures and Health Effects3 Scientific Basis for Radiation Protection4 Status of Low-Dose Radiation Research5 Prioritized Research Agenda6 Essential Components of the Low-Dose Radiation ProgramReferencesAppendix A: Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021Appendix B: Committee and Staff BiographiesAppendix C: Information-Gathering MeetingsAppendix D: Projects Designated by the Department of Energy as "Low-Dose Radiation Projects" Carried Out at National Laboratories (20162021)Appendix E: Unedited Responses from Radiation Facilities

DKK 266.00
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Improving Characterization of Anthropogenic Methane Emissions in the United States - Board On Environmental Studies And Toxicology - Bog - National

Improving Characterization of Anthropogenic Methane Emissions in the United States - Board On Environmental Studies And Toxicology - Bog - National

Understanding, quantifying, and tracking atmospheric methane and emissions is essential for addressing concerns and informing decisions that affect the climate, economy, and human health and safety. Atmospheric methane is a potent greenhouse gas (GHG) that contributes to global warming. While carbon dioxide is by far the dominant cause of the rise in global average temperatures, methane also plays a significant role because it absorbs more energy per unit mass than carbon dioxide does, giving it a disproportionately large effect on global radiative forcing. In addition to contributing to climate change, methane also affects human health as a precursor to ozone pollution in the lower atmosphere. Improving Characterization of Anthropogenic Methane Emissions in the United States summarizes the current state of understanding of methane emissions sources and the measurement approaches and evaluates opportunities for methodological and inventory development improvements. This report will inform future research agendas of various U.S. agencies, including NOAA, the EPA, the DOE, NASA, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the National Science Foundation (NSF). Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Current Inventories of Methane Emissions3 Methane Emission Measurement and Monitoring Methods4 Addressing Uncertainties in Anthropogenic Methane Emissions5 Presenting Methane Emission Data and Results6 Meeting the Challenges of Characterizing Methane EmissionsReferencesGlossaryAppendix A: Acronyms and AbbreviationsAppendix B: Definition of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Inventory CategoriesAppendix C: Other Anthropogenic Sources of MethaneAppendix D: U.S. Greenhouse Gas Inventory DevelopmentAppendix E: Acknowledgment of Those Who Provided Input to the CommitteeAppendix F: Common Units for Reporting Methane Concentrations and EmissionsAppendix G: Biographical Sketches of Committee MembersAppendix H: Disclosure of Conflict of Interest

DKK 526.00
1

Getting to Zero Alcohol-Impaired Driving Fatalities - Health And Medicine Division - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Getting to Zero Alcohol-Impaired Driving Fatalities - Health And Medicine Division - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Alcohol-impaired driving is an important health and social issue as it remains a major risk to Americans' health today, surpassing deaths per year of certain cancers, HIV/AIDS, and drownings, among others, and contributing to long-term disabilities from head and spinal injuries. Progress has been made over the past decades towards reducing these trends, but that progress has been incremental and has stagnated more recently. Getting to Zero Alcohol-Impaired Driving Fatalities examines which interventions (programs, systems, and policies) are most promising to prevent injuries and death from alcohol-impaired driving, the barriers to action and approaches to overcome them, and which interventions need to be changed or adopted. This report makes broad-reaching recommendations that will serve as a blueprint for the nation to accelerate the progress in reducing alcohol-impaired driving fatalities. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction and Context2 Current Environment: Alcohol, Driving, and Drinking and Driving3 Interventions to Reduce Drinking to Impairment4 Alcohol-Impaired Driving Interventions5 Postcrash and Arrest Interventions6 Data and Surveillance Needs and Opportunities7 Generating Action8 ConclusionAppendix A: Alcohol-Impaired Driving in the United States: Review of Data Sources and Analyses - Charles DiMaggio, Katherine Wheeler-Martin, and Jamie Oliver Appendix B: Content Analysis of Alcohol-Impaired Driving Stories in the News - Deborah A. FisherAppendix C: The Role of the Alcohol Industry in Policy Interventions for Alcohol-Impaired Driving - Thomas F. Babor, Katherine Robaina, and Jonathan Noel Appendix D: Reducing Alcohol-Impaired Driving: Lessons from a Global Review - Adnan A. Hyder and Andres Vecino Appendix E: Committee Meeting AgendasAppendix F: Committee Biosketches

DKK 500.00
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Review of the Everglades Aquifer Storage and Recovery Regional Study - Committee To Review The Florida Aquifer Storage And Recovery Regional Study

Review of the Everglades Aquifer Storage and Recovery Regional Study - Committee To Review The Florida Aquifer Storage And Recovery Regional Study

The Florida Everglades is a large and diverse aquatic ecosystem that has been greatly altered over the past century by an extensive water control infrastructure designed to increase agricultural and urban economic productivity. The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP), launched in 2000, is a joint effort led by the state and federal government to reverse the decline of the ecosystem. Increasing water storage is a critical component of the restoration, and the CERP included projects that would drill over 330 aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) wells to store up to 1.65 billion gallons per day in porous and permeable units in the aquifer system during wet periods for recovery during seasonal or longer-term dry periods. To address uncertainties regarding regional effects of large-scale ASR implementation in the Everglades, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and the South Florida Water Management District conducted an 11-year ASR Regional Study, with focus on the hydrogeology of the Floridan aquifer system, water quality changes during aquifer storage, possible ecological risks posed by recovered water, and the regional capacity for ASR implementation. At the request of the USACE, Review of the Everglades Aquifer Storage and Recovery Regional Study reviews the ASR Regional Study Technical Data Report and assesses progress in reducing uncertainties related to full-scale CERP ASR implementation. This report considers the validity of the data collection and interpretation methods; integration of studies; evaluation of scaling from pilot-to regional-scale application of ASR; and the adequacy and reliability of the study as a basis for future applications of ASR. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Topic-Specific Reviews3 Looking ForwardReferencesAcronymsAppendix A: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Staff

DKK 279.00
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Gaseous Carbon Waste Streams Utilization - Board On Chemical Sciences And Technology - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Gaseous Carbon Waste Streams Utilization - Board On Chemical Sciences And Technology - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

In the quest to mitigate the buildup of greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere, researchers and policymakers have increasingly turned their attention to techniques for capturing greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane, either from the locations where they are emitted or directly from the atmosphere. Once captured, these gases can be stored or put to use. While both carbon storage and carbon utilization have costs, utilization offers the opportunity to recover some of the cost and even generate economic value. While current carbon utilization projects operate at a relatively small scale, some estimates suggest the market for waste carbon-derived products could grow to hundreds of billions of dollars within a few decades, utilizing several thousand teragrams of waste carbon gases per year. Gaseous Carbon Waste Streams Utilization: Status and Research Needs assesses research and development needs relevant to understanding and improving the commercial viability of waste carbon utilization technologies and defines a research agenda to address key challenges. The report is intended to help inform decision making surrounding the development and deployment of waste carbon utilization technologies under a variety of circumstances, whether motivated by a goal to improve processes for making carbon-based products, to generate revenue, or to achieve environmental goals. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Gaseous Carbon Waste Resources3 Mineral Carbonation to Produce Construction Materials4 Chemical Utilization of CO2 into Chemicals and Fuels5 Biological Utilization of CO2 into Chemicals and Fuels6 Methane and Biogas Waste Utilization7 Enabling Technologies and Resources8 Life-Cycle Assessment of Carbon Utilization9 Assessing Commercial Viability of Carbon Utilization Technologies10 Criteria for Evaluating Carbon Utilization Technologies11 Research AgendaAppendix A: GlossaryAppendix B: Committee and Staff Biosketches

DKK 552.00
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Recent Fertility Trends in Sub-Saharan Africa - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Recent Fertility Trends in Sub-Saharan Africa - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Fertility rates and population growth influence economic development. The marked declines in fertility seen in some developing nations have been accompanied by slowing population growth, which in turn provided a window of opportunity for rapid economic growth. For many sub-Saharan African nations, this window has not yet opened because fertility rates have not declined as rapidly there as elsewhere. Fertility rates in many sub-Saharan African countries are high: the total rate for the region is estimated to be 5.1 births per woman, and rates that had begun to decline in many countries in the region have stalled. High rates of fertility in these countries are likely to contribute to continued rapid population growth: the United Nations projects that the region's population will increase by 1.2 billion by 2050, the highest growth among the regions for which there are projections. In June 2015, the Committee on Population organized a workshop to explore fertility trends and the factors that have influenced them. The workshop committee was asked to explore history and trends related to fertility, proximate determinants and other influences, the status and impact of family planning programs, and prospects for further reducing fertility rates. This study will help donors, researchers, and policy makers better understand the factors that may explain the slow pace of fertility decline in this region, and develop methods to improve family planning in sub-Saharan Africa. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction2 General Fertility Trends3 Trends in Reproductive Behavior4 The Effects of Contraceptive Practice5 Policy Options and OpportunitiesReferencesAppendix A: Workshop AgendaAppendix B: Workshop Participants ListAppendix C: Biographical Sketches of Steering Committee Members

DKK 318.00
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Providing Sustainable Mental and Neurological Health Care in Ghana and Kenya - Institute Of Medicine - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Providing Sustainable Mental and Neurological Health Care in Ghana and Kenya - Institute Of Medicine - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Mental, neurological, and substance use (MNS) disorders have a substantial impact on global health and well-being. Disorders such as depression, alcohol abuse, and schizophrenia constitute about 13 percent of the total burden of disease. Worldwide, MNS disorders are the leading cause of disability, and the 10th leading cause of death. Despite this high burden, there is a significant shortage of resources available to prevent, diagnose, and treat MNS disorders. Approximately four out of five people with serious MNS disorders living in low- and middle-income countries do not receive needed health services. This treatment gap is particularly high in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Challenges to MNS care in SSA countries include a lack of trained mental health professionals, few mental health facilities, and low prioritization for MNS disorders in budget allocations. African countries, on average, have one psychiatrist for every 2 million people, whereas European countries have one psychiatrist per 12,000 people. Expanding on previous efforts to address the development and improvement of sustainable mental health systems in SSA, the Institute of Medicine convened this 2015 workshop series, bringing together key stakeholders to examine country-specific opportunities to improve the health care infrastructure in order to better prevent, diagnose, and treat MNS disorders. Providing Sustainable Mental and Neurological Health Care in Ghana and Kenya summarizes the presentations and discussions from these workshops. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction and Overview2 Kenya3 Ghana4 Case Studies5 Perspectives on Potential Next StepsAppendix A: ReferencesAppendix B: Workshop AgendasAppendix C: Registered AttendeesAppendix D: Participant BiographiesAppendix E: Providing Sustainable Mental Health Care in Kenya: A Demonstration ProjectAppendix F: Providing Sustainable Mental Health Care in Ghana: A Demonstration Project

DKK 416.00
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Redesigning Continuing Education in the Health Professions - Board On Health Care Services - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Redesigning Continuing Education in the Health Professions - Board On Health Care Services - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Today in the United States, the professional health workforce is not consistently prepared to provide high quality health care and assure patient safety, even as the nation spends more per capita on health care than any other country. The absence of a comprehensive and well-integrated system of continuing education (CE) in the health professions is an important contributing factor to knowledge and performance deficiencies at the individual and system levels. To be most effective, health professionals at every stage of their careers must continue learning about advances in research and treatment in their fields (and related fields) in order to obtain and maintain up-to-date knowledge and skills in caring for their patients. Many health professionals regularly undertake a variety of efforts to stay up to date, but on a larger scale, the nation's approach to CE for health professionals fails to support the professions in their efforts to achieve and maintain proficiency. Redesigning Continuing Education in the Health Professions illustrates a vision for a better system through a comprehensive approach of continuing professional development, and posits a framework upon which to develop a new, more effective system. The book also offers principles to guide the creation of a national continuing education institute. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Continuing Professional Development: Building and Sustaining a Quality Workforce2 Scientific Foundations of Continuing Education3 Regulation and Financing4 Moving Toward a Continuing Professional Development System5 Envisioning a Better System of Continuing Professional Development6 Function and Structure of a Continuing Professional Development Institute7 Implementation, Research, and EvaluationAppendix A: Literature Review TablesAppendix B: Health Professions TableAppendix C: International Comparison of Continuing Education and Continuing Professional DevelopmentAppendix D: Continuing Education in Professional Fields Outside of Health CareAppendix E: Workshop AgendaAppendix F: Committee Member and Staff Biographies

DKK 396.00
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A Pragmatic Future for NAEP - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

A Pragmatic Future for NAEP - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) - often called "The Nation's Report Card" - is the largest nationally representative and continuing assessment of what students in public and private schools in the United States know and can do in various subjects and has provided policy makers and the public with invaluable information on U.S. students for more than 50 years. Unique in the information it provides, NAEP is the nation's only mechanism for tracking student achievement over time and comparing trends across states and districts for all students and important student groups (e.g., by race, sex, English learner status, disability status, family poverty status). While the program helps educators, policymakers, and the public understand these educational outcomes, the program has incurred substantially increased costs in recent years and now costs about $175.2 million per year. A Pragmatic Future for NAEP: Containing Costs and Updating Technologies recommends changes to bolster the future success of the program by identifying areas where federal administrators could take advantage of savings, such as new technological tools and platforms as well as efforts to use local administration and deployment for the tests. Additionally, the report recommends areas where the program should clearly communicate about spending and undertake efforts to streamline management. The report also provides recommendations to increase the visibility and coherence of NAEP's research activities. Table of ContentsFront MatterExecutive Summary1 Introduction2 NAEP Overview: Structure, Goals, and Costs3 Possible Structural Changes4 Item Development5 Test Administration: Moving to a Local Model6 Test Administration: Other Possible Innovations7 Item Scoring8 Analysis and Reporting9 Technological Infrastructure10 Program Management, Planning, Support, and Oversight11 Summary: A New Path for NAEPReferencesAppendix A: Biographical Sketches of Panel Members and StaffAppendix B: Disclosure of Unavoidable Conflict of InterestCommittee on National Statistics

DKK 162.00
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